What is Newton’s law of universal gravitation?

Newton’s law states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force F = Gm₁m₂/r², where G is the gravitational constant (6.6743×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²), m₁ and m₂ are the masses, and r is the distance between their centers.

How do you calculate escape velocity?

Escape velocity is calculated as v = √(2GM/r), where M is the mass of the body being escaped and r is the distance from its center (e.g., its radius at the surface).

What is orbital velocity?

Orbital velocity is the speed needed to maintain a stable circular orbit, calculated as v = √(GM/r), where M is the central body’s mass and r is the orbital radius.

Newtonian Gravity Calculator

Calculate gravitational force, escape velocity, orbital velocity, and surface gravity.

Calculate gravitational force, escape velocity, orbital velocity, and surface gravity.

Gravitational Force (F = Gm₁m₂ / r²)

Defaults show Earth–Moon force. Masses in kg, distance in meters.

Mass 1 (kg)

Mass 2 (kg)

Distance r (m)

Force Result

Gravitational Force (F): 1.982111e+20 N

Escape & Orbital Velocity

Defaults show Earth mass with a low Earth orbit radius. Mass in kg, radius in meters.

Central Body Mass (kg)

Orbital Radius (m)

Velocity & Gravity Results

Escape Velocity: 10,850.5399996432 m/s

Circular Orbital Velocity: 7,672.4904132836 m/s

Surface Gravity: 8.6940051901 m/s²

Newtonian Gravity Calculator

This free calculator applies Newton’s law of universal gravitation to find the gravitational force between two masses, plus escape velocity, circular orbital velocity, and surface gravity for a central body. No sign-up required.

Gravitational force: F = Gm₁m₂/r²
Escape velocity: v = √(2GM/r)
Circular orbital velocity: v = √(GM/r)
Surface gravity: g = GM/r²
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Added Sep 19, 2026

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